{"id":17525,"date":"2017-05-08T23:02:43","date_gmt":"2017-05-09T05:02:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lastbestnews.com\/site\/?p=17525"},"modified":"2017-05-08T23:02:43","modified_gmt":"2017-05-09T05:02:43","slug":"in-1890s-army-of-protesters-met-with-violence-in-billings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/2017\/05\/in-1890s-army-of-protesters-met-with-violence-in-billings\/","title":{"rendered":"In 1890s, ‘army’ of protesters met with violence in Billings"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Coxey\"<\/a>

Coxey’s Army, as followers of Jacob S. Coxey were known, marched\u00a0to Washington, D.C., in 1894 to protest the federal government’s response to the economic depression of the 1890s.<\/p><\/div>\n

In 2017, it\u2019s hard to imagine hundreds of unemployed Montanans marching down to the local rail yard to hijack a freight train as their conveyance to Washington, D.C., in order to demand that President Trump and the Congress create a jobs program.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s probably even more of a stretch to imagine that a lot of us\u2014even our local elected leaders\u2014would support them, offering up food and supplies for their journey.<\/p>\n

Well something just like that actually happened, right about now, springtime, 123 years ago.<\/p>\n

Before leaping into the story, we need to set the scene. In the early 1890s, the economy tanked. Banks closed. Businesses failed. There were labor troubles and mine closures. The railroads had over-extended, forcing massive layoffs. Unemployment was as high as 50 percent in some locations.<\/p>\n

Jacob Coxey, an Ohio businessman, called for a march on Washington to demand jobs. Thousands responded. They became known as Coxey\u2019s Army, Coxeyites, Commonwealers or Industrials.<\/p>\n

In California, Charles T. Kelly started a similar movement which was dubbed \u201cKelly\u2019s Army.\u201d\u00a0Early on, Montanans were generally sympathetic. They handed out food and offered places to stay for the night as the unemployed made their way eastward.<\/p>\n

But by the spring of 1894, some of the most militant started forming their own \u201carmies.\u201d One was led by William Hogan. Organized in Butte and trained in a \u201cvacant lot east of Meaderville,\u201d Hogan\u2019s group of Commonwealers grew rapidly\u2014finally numbering 700.<\/p>\n

On the morning of April 19, 1894, they marched to a nearby rail yard and surrounded Northern Pacific\u2019s No. 60 freight train. They found it wanting, though\u2014too few cars to accommodate their numbers, so they marched back to camp.<\/p>\n

Marshals began guarding train yards and depots. Despite that, four days later, Hogan\u2019s Army commandeered an engine and eight box cars.<\/p>\n

\"CapreAir_Variable\"<\/a><\/div><\/div>They were slowed in the eastward journey by a cave-in at the Bozeman tunnel, allowing 30 U. S. marshals (in another train) to catch up with them.\u00a0The posse attacked the hijackers a number of times. When they reached Livingston, their leader, Marshal McDermott, pulled out of the chase but others continued.<\/p>\n

The marshals made their final assault on the Commonwealers at the Billings rail yard on April 25. Despite hundred of spectators standing about, shots were fired, a Coxey leader was fatally wounded and one marshal was badly hurt. Two innocent bystanders were hit by bullets.<\/p>\n

The crowd of spectators turned on the marshals, joining Coxeyites in disarming them. One reporter called the posse \u201ca gang of legalized assassins.\u201d<\/p>\n

At hearing the news out of Billings, Charles Kelly, the leader of 2,000\u00a0Commonwealers in Iowa, said, \u201cI fear our case is ruined. We are now reduced to the level of a mob. I would give my life to have this day\u2019s work undone.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Trouble\"<\/a>

A headline on a news story told of trouble in Billings.<\/p><\/div>\n

The hijacked train was finally stopped near Forsyth by the Army, which dispatched six companies (300 soldiers) from Fort Keogh. The Commonwealers were put under guard and later taken back to Billings.<\/p>\n

By comparison, it was rather quiet in Western Montana. But, the mood was changing.<\/p>\n

The Missoulian newspaper, initially somewhat sympathetic, had now labeled Coxey and his followers \u201can irresponsible set. It is comprised of men whose brains are weak and whose judgment is poor indeed.\u201d<\/p>\n

The railroad bosses demanded their conductors stop \u201callowing\u201d the Commonwealers to board their trains.<\/p>\n

That drew a sharp retort from the superintendent of the Montana division to headquarters: \u201cWhere are your marshals? Where is the military? Where\u2019s Grover Cleveland? Where the (expletive) is anybody? How in thunder do you expect one poor damn Irishman (conductor) to stop the whole Coxey army?\u201d<\/p>\n

In the early morning hours of May 19, a couple of hundred Coxeyites appropriated \u201cfreight train No. 58, eastbound, at Heron and started for Missoula at break-neck speed,\u201d reported Missoula\u2019s Western Democrat newspaper.<\/p>\n

The train \u201cswished past stations at the rate of 25 to 30 miles per hour,\u201d stopping only briefly at Trout Creek for water, said the Missoulian.<\/p>\n

At the request of the local Northern Pacific superintendent, Sheriff Ramsey put together \u201ca small army of deputies\u201d who boarded a special train in Missoula and headed out to intercept the hijackers. Higher-ups at NP, however, ordered the train recalled, saying they had turned the case over to the U.S. Marshal.<\/p>\n

It was early evening by the time the feds and their posse arrived from Helena and headed north from Missoula aboard their special train.<\/p>\n

At 5:55 pm, reported the Western Democrat, the marshals confronted the Coxeyites at Arlee, where the hijackers were repairing tracks, \u201cwhich had been torn up for a considerable distance by order of the superintendent.\u201d The mob surrendered \u201cwithout a struggle.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the end, a few thousand of the unemployed did reach Washington, D.C. But Jacob Coxey was arrested for trespassing on the lawn at the Capitol and wasn\u2019t able to make his speech. There was little or no support for their cause.<\/p>\n

A handful of the Commonwealer organizers in Montana did jail time for stealing trains, but most were released.<\/p>\n

Twenty years later, on May 30, 1914, \u201cGeneral\u201d Jacob Coxey with an army of eight (rather than the thousands he had expected) finally made his speech on the Capitol steps.<\/p>\n

Rep. Tom Stout (newspaper editor turned Montana congressman) personally observed the moment, and sent his observations to the state\u2019s newspapers.<\/p>\n

\u201cI gazed with greatest admiration upon the footsore followers,\u201d he recalled.<\/p>\n

They each, he said, had \u201cbeen confronted by dread terrors in the guise of offers of employment by farmers and others \u2026 but they remained true to their colors and their cause.\u201d<\/p>\n

Jim Harmon is a longtime Montana journalist and broadcaster who writes a weekly history column for Missoula Current<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In 2017, it\u2019s hard to imagine hundreds of unemployed Montanans marching down to the local rail yard to hijack a freight train as their conveyance to Washington, D.C., in order to demand that President Trump and the Congress create a jobs program. It\u2019s probably even more of a stretch to imagine that a lot of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":173,"featured_media":17526,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,16],"tags":[5830,5828,5829,5831],"class_list":["post-17525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diversions","category-montana","tag-charles-t-kelly","tag-coxeys-army","tag-jacob-coxey","tag-william-hogan","prominence-category-featured"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17525","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/173"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17525"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17525\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17530,"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17525\/revisions\/17530"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17526"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17525"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17525"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/montana-mint.com\/lastbestnews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17525"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}